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5/13/2006

Big Brother in the USA and Europe Grows

Big Brother in the USA and Europe Grows

big brother

JULY 2004; The EU Transport Commissioner Loyola de Palacio and U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell signed the agreement which will combine The American GPS and the European system named Galileo. The merger further advance the global monitoring satellite program. World users will, with a single receiver, be able to use either of the systems or both of the systems at the same time, promising coverage that is more, precise and continuous. The Pentagon, which controls GPS, initially attacked Galileo as unnecessary and a potential security threat during wartime, saying Galileo signals could interfere with the next generation GPS signals intended for use by the U.S. military. The United States is spending $875 million to upgrade it's GPS with a stronger military signal that will be less vulnerable to enemy interference than the weaker civilian signal currently in use. The upgrade should be completed in the next decade. The 3.6 billion euro ($4.3 billion) Galileo project is slated to go online in 2008. Its 27 satellites would more than double the coverage provided by GPS. For Europe, the satellite deal also lays the groundwork for separate, pay services that can be used in applications requiring a higher degree of accuracy in GPS's civilian monitoring and surveillance. In addition, European officials also envisage a more advance service for government agencies, such as intelligence services, the military, and police forces.

BIG BROTHER'S CURRENT GLOBAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Big Brother is a metaphor that covers the regions of governmental science, technology, the global monitoring intelligence community such as the GPS ( Global Positioning Satellites ) and many other similar entities that will lead humanity into a One World Government where every human being will be marked, tracked and monitored. The below organizations are the building blocks of the coming global empire.

The Internetwww.icann.org

The Internet

The Internet has become a phenomenon in all areas of communications and information. It truly is a Computer City connected by networks and data machines on a global basis. Icann is the Internet Corporation For Assignning Global IP Names and Numbers and The Internet Society, www.isoc.org, is a non-profit, non-governmental, international, professional membership organization. Its more than 150 organization and 16,000 individual members in over 180 nations worldwide represent a veritable who's who of the Internet community.

Navstar GPShttp://tycho.usno.navy.mil/gps.html

Navstar GPS

The U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS) constellation of satellites plays a major role in regional and global studies of Earth. In the face of continued growth and diversification of GPS applications, the worldwide scientific community has made an effort to promote international standards for GPS data acquisition and analysis, and to deploy and operate a common, comprehensive global tracking system.The satellites transmit signals that can be detected by anyone with a GPS receiver. Using the receiver, you can determine a individuals location with great precision. Advanced forms of GPS make location measurements to better than a centimeter. The current GPS constellation consists of 29 Block II/IIA/IIR satellites. The latest satellite was launched on March 20, 2004. Block I satellites are referred to as the original concept validation satellites developed by Rockwell International and reflect various stages of system development.

The United Nationshttp://www.un.org

The United Nations

The United Nations maintains its headquarters in New York City.The United Nations (UN) became the successor to the League of Nations and absorbed much of the latter's administrative and physical apparatus when it was disbanded in 1946. International organization established by charter on Oct. 24, 1945, with the purposes of maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations on the principle of equal rights and self determination, and encouraging international cooperation in solving international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems.The term United Nations was originally used during World War II to denote those countries that were allied against the Axis powers (Germany, Japan, and Italy). A conference at Dumbarton Oaks, an estate in Washington, D.C., was the earliest attempt to permanently establish this United Nations. Representatives of the "Big Four" (United Kingdom, United States, U.S.S.R., and China) met there from Aug. 21 to Oct. 7, 1944, to draft some preliminary proposals, which were later discussed and more clearly outlined at the Yalta Conference in February 1945 by the Allied war leaders Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin, and Franklin D. Roosevelt.

InterpolInterpol2

http://www.interpol.int/

Interpol

Interpol members include 181 global countries. Interpol has actively been involved for a number of years in combating Information Technology Crime. Rather than ‘re-inventing the wheel’, the Interpol General Secretariat has harnessed the expertise of its members in the field of Information Technology Crime (ITC) through the vehicle of a ‘working party’ or a group of experts. In this instance, the working party consists of the heads or experienced members of national computer crime units. These working parties have been designed to reflect regional expertise and exist in Europe, Asia, the Americas and in Africa. All working parties are in different stages of development. It should be noted that the work done by the working parties is not Interpol’s only contribution to combating ITC, but it certainly represents the most noteworthy contribution to date. Herewith is a brief outline of the achievements and the status quo of each of the working parties: Interpol exists to help create a safer world. Its aim is to provide a unique range of essential services for the law enforcement community to optimise the international effort to combat crime.Interpol is one of the world’s pre-eminent police organisation in support of all organisations, authorities and services whose mission is preventing, detecting, and suppressing crime.

Criminal Intelligence Analysis (sometimes called Crime Analysis) has been recognized by law enforcement as a useful support tool for over twenty-five years and is successfully used within the international community. Within the last decade, the role and position of Criminal Intelligence Analysis in the global law enforcement community has fundamentally changed. Whereas previously there were a few key countries acting as forerunners and promoters of the discipline, more and more countries have implemented analytical techniques within their police forces. International organisations, such as Interpol, Europol and the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), all have Criminal Intelligence Analysts among their personnel. There are many definitions of Criminal Intelligence Analysis in use throughout the world. The one definition agreed in June 1992 by an international group of twelve European Interpol member countries and subsequently is adopted by other countries. The identification of and provision of insight into the relationship between crime data and other potentially relevant data with a view to police and judicial practice. The central task of Analysis is to help officials - law enforcers, policy makers, and decision makers - deal more effectively with uncertainty, to provide timely warning of threats, and to support operational activity by analysing crime. Criminal Intelligence Analysis is divided into operational (or tactical) and strategic analysis. The basic skills required are similar, and the difference lies in the level of detail and the type of client to whom the products are aimed. The Criminal Analysis Sub-Directorate (CAS) at Interpol currently has twelve Criminal Intelligence Analysts based in Lyon, France. The CAS staff currently comprises of eight different nationalities, enabling the unit to draw on a wide range of experience, contacts and languages. The unit currently provides three main Analytical Services; Operational Analysis, Strategic Analysis and Training / Consultancy.

Total Information Awareness - DARPAhttp://www.darpa.mil/

Total Information Awareness

The United States is turning into a full fledged surveillance society leading the human race into a global society of Orwellian surveillance. The tremendous explosion in surveillance enabling technologies, combined with the ongoing weakening in legal restraints that protect our privacy mean that we are drifting toward a surveillance society. "Total Information Awareness" may be the closest thing to a true "Big Brother" program that has ever been seriously contemplated in the United States. TIA is based on a vision of pulling together as much information as possible about as many people as possible into a global database, making that information available to government officials, and sorting through it to try to identify terrorists or civilians whom pose a real or imagined threat to this Big Brother Society.

Federal Communications Commissionhttp://www.fcc.gov

Federal Communications Commission

The media which covers the major areas of radio, television, and newspapers may be under government control in the near future. A incident at the 2004 Super Bowl halve time show, where two performers, Janet Jackson and Justin Timberlake, were involved in a sketch where the breast of Janet Jackson was exposed. The furor over this one incident has the FCC fining
broadcasters and threatening to revoke their licensee. Incidents in 2004, include the Viacom syndicated radio show of Howard Stern, to be taken off the air waves on six channels with a fine of $495,000. Federal Regulators, prompted by Congress, are cracking down on what they deem indecent and immoral. I find this more on the lines of suppressing free speech and perhaps leading to the media being controlled by the government. If their is anything more obscene in this world, it's the controlling or
editing of free speech and creative thought. I find some of the most obscene acts are committed by the government itself.
Federal Communications Commission 445 12th Street SW Washington, DC 20554

The International Monetary ( IMF )http://www.imf.org

The International Monetary ( IMF )

The IMF is located in Washington DC. The IMF is an organization of 184 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty. The IMF is a entiy classified as the global money lender.

The World Trade Bank in Washington D.C.www.worldbank.org

The World Trade Bank in Washington D.C.

The World Bank is a development Bank which provides loans, policy advice, technical assistance and knowledge sharing services to low and middle income countries to reduce poverty. The World Bank is run like a cooperative, with its member countries as shareholders. The number of shares a country has is based roughly on the size of its economy. The United States is the largest single shareholder, with 16.41 percent of votes, followed by Japan (7.87 percent), Germany (4.49 percent), the United Kingdom (4.31 percent), and France (4.31 percent). The rest of the shares are divided among the other member countries. The World Bank's government shareholders are represented by a Board of Governors. Generally, these governors are ministers, such as Ministers of Finance or Ministers of Development. The governors are the ultimate policy makers in the World Bank.

MI5 - The United Kingdom~Britain security intelligence agencyhttp://www.mi5.gov.uk

MI5

MI5 is the United Kingdom~Britain security intelligence agency with national intelligence priorities set by the Joint Intelligence Committee and endorsed by Ministers. MI5 is the major adviser to the British government on protective security measures.
MI5 main purpose is to protect national security and economic well-being, and to support the law enforcement agencies in preventing and detecting serious crime and disseminating intelligence; investigating and assessing threats, and working with others to counter them. MI5 was created In October of 1909.

Mossadhttp://www.fas.org/irp/world/israel/mossad/

Mossad

Mossad motto: be-tahbu-lo-t ta`aseh lekha- milkhama-h, "By way of deception, thou shalt do war."

Mossad is one of the world's best-known and most highly regarded intelligence agencies. It is known for its efficiency, and many believe it has made a large contribution to the stability and security of Israel. Its many successes in serving Israel's security interests have earned Mossad a reputation for being extremely effective as an intelligence agency. Controversy exists over cases where it has employed the tactics of kidnapping and assassination. It has also been at the forefront of several publicly embarrassing failures. In Victor Ostrovsky's book, "By Way of Deception: A Devastating Insider's Portrait of the Mossad (Toronto:Stoddart, 1990)" we discover many remarkable things about this "extreme right" organization.

EuropolEurojust

http://www.europol.eu.int/

Europol & Eurojust

The two law enforcement agencies named Europol and Eurojust, have been set up to help the EU member states cooperate in the fight against organized international crime. This cooperation in criminal matters is the "third pillar" of the EU. Europol and Eurojust carry out very specific tasks in the context of the dialogue, mutual assistance, joint efforts and cooperation between the police, customs, immigration services and justice departments of the EU member states.

Secret Servicehttp://www.secretservice.gov

Secret Service

After the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901, Congress directed the Secret Service to protect the President of the United States. Protection remains the primary mission of the United States Secret Service. The Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act (Public Law 105-318) amends 18 USC section 1028 to establish the offense of "Identity Theft." Penalties were established for anyone who knowingly transfers or uses, without authority, any means of identification of another person, with the intent to commit an unlawful activity that is a violation of the identity theft provisions of section 1028. The Patriot Act (Public Law 107-56) increases the Secret Service's role in investigating fraud and related activity in connections with computers. In addition it authorizes the Director of the Secret Service to establish nationwide electronic crimes taskforces to assist the law enforcement, private sector and academia in detecting and suppressing computer-based crime; increases the statutory penalties for the manufacturing, possession, dealing and passing of counterfeit U.S. or foreign obligations; and allows enforcement action to be taken to protect our financial payment systems while combating transnational financial crimes directed by terrorists or other criminals. 2002 The Department of Homeland Security is established with the passage of (Public Law 107-296) which in part, transfers the United States Secret Service from the Department of the Treasury, to the new department effective March 1, 2003.

Department of Justicehttp://www.usdoj.gov/

Department of Justice

To enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the law; to ensure public safety against threats foreign and domestic; to provide Federal leadership in preventing and controlling crime; to seek just punishment for those guilty of unlawful behavior; to administer and enforce the Nation's immigration laws fairly and effectively; and to ensure fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans. The Department of Justice is headed by the Attorney General of the United States. Its major component organizations include: the U.S. Attorneys (USAs) who prosecute federal offenders and represent the United States in court; the major investigative agencies as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) which gather intelligence, investigate crimes, and arrest criminal suspects; the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) which controls the border and provides services to lawful immigrants; the U.S. Marshals Service (USMS) which protects the federal judiciary, apprehends fugitives, and detains persons in federal custody; and the Bureau of Prisons (BOP) which confines convicted offenders.

Federal Bureau of Investigationwww.fbi.gov

Federal Bureau of Investigation

As computers and access to the Internet became commonplace in homes across the United States, the FBI began to put in place measures to address crime in cyberspace. It created the Computer Investigations and Infrastructure Threat Assessment Center (CITAC) to respond to physical and cyber attacks against US infrastructure. The FBI has also played a crucial role in the investigation and prevention of computer crimes. In 1991, the FBI's Computer Analysis and Response Teams (CART) began to provide investigators with the technical expertise necessary to obtain evidence from the computers of suspects. In 1998, the FBI's National Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC) was created to monitor the dissemination of computer viruses, worms, and other malicious programs and to warn government and business computer users of these dangers. In addition, having begun in the FBI's Baltimore Division in 1995, but branching out to most FBI field offices, the Bureau's Innocent Images Program has successfully identified and stopped large numbers of pedophiles who have used the Internet to purvey child pornography and to lure children into situations where they could be harmed. Between 1993 and 2001, the FBI's mission and resources expanded to address the increasingly international nature of crime in US localities. The FBI's budget grew by more than $1.27 billion as the Bureau hired 5,029 new Agents and more than 4,000 new Support Personnel. To prepare the FBI for both domestic and foreign lawlessness in the 21st century. At the start of the new millennium, the FBI stands dedicated to its core values and "Bright Line" ethical standards. Commitment to these values and standards ensures that the FBI effectively carries out its mission: Protect and defend the United States against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats; uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States; and provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners.

Department Of Homeland Securityhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland

Department Of Homeland Security

Formally FEMA, Federal Emergency Management Agency
Homeland Security Information Network to Expand
Collaboration, Connectivity for States and Major Cities, February 24, 2004, The Department of Homeland Security, as part of its Homeland Security Information Network initiative, is expanding its computer-based counterterrorism communications network to all 50 states, five territories, Washington, D.C., and 50 other major urban areas to strengthen its two-way flow of threat information. This communications system will deliver real-time interactive connectivity among state and local partners and with the DHS Homeland Security Operations Center (HSOC) through the Joint Regional Information Exchange System (JRIES). Other DHS agencies participate through seats at the HSOC and their own operations centers, and the system will be further expanded within DHS operations. Each state and major urban area's Homeland Security Advisor and other points of contact will receive software licenses, technology, and training to participate in the information sharing and situational awareness that JRIES already brings to state and local homeland security personnel across the United States. Examples of other points of participation include state National Guard offices, Emergency Operations Centers, and first responder and Public Safety departments.

The Department's research and technology focus will seek to develop capabilities to detect and deter attacks on our information systems and critical infrastructures. The S&T Directorate will develop a national research and development enterprise to support homeland defense. This research and development effort will be driven by a constant examination of the nation's vulnerabilities, repeated testing of our security systems, and a thorough evaluation of the threats and weaknesses in the system. DHS will promote research and development of software and technology that will protect information systems and databases. DHS will support the telecommunications critical infrastructure by promoting research and development of tools and technology to prevent disruption or compromise of these services. This National Communication System helps maintains a close working relationship between the government and the telecommunications industry One important DHS priority will be to examine the vulnerabilities found in security systems. The emphasis will be on catastrophic terrorism - threats to the security of our homeland that could result in large-scale loss of life as well as triggering major economic repercussions. The focus will be on both evolutionary improvements to current capabilities as well as the development of revolutionary new capabilities.

DHS's Science & Technology Directorate will tap into scientific and technological capabilities in the United States to provide the means to detect and deter attacks using weapons of mass destruction. S&T will guide and organize research efforts to meet emerging and predicted needs and will work closely with universities, the private sector, and national and federal laboratories. The S&T Directorate will promote research and technology to develop sensors and systems to detect chemical and biological weapons from production to employment. The S&T Directorate will promote research and technology to develop sensors and systems which detect nuclear and radiological weapons from production to employment.

National Secuity Agencywww.nsa.gov

National Secuity Agency

The global information explosion forced NSA to recognize it no longer had the technological advantage. The Agency had to prepare. NSA is increasing its partnerships with industry and academia and expanding its research and development, and aggressively recruiting and hiring cryptologic professionals. These changes are revolutionizing the Agency's capability to produce foreign signals intelligence and protect sensitive government communications in a digital age. These changes give warfighters and policymakers real-time insight into the adversary's mindset. These changes ensure that NSA's capabilities will continue to prevent conflict, shorten wars, and save lives. Since 1952, NSA has been the world expert on cryptology and electronic communications systems. Our early interest in cryptanalytic research and flexible storage capability led to the first large-scale and solid-state computers and the development of the tape cassette.Today, our work takes us to the worlds of knowledge discovery, advanced mathematics, quantum computing, nanotechnology, networking technologies and, of course, computer systems security.Some of the world’s toughest problems come to NSA.

NSA’s mission provides our military leaders and policy makers with intelligence to ensure our national defense and to advance U.S. global interests. This information is specifically limited to that on foreign powers, organizations or persons and international terrorists. NSA responds to requirements levied by intelligence customers, which includes all departments and levels of the United States Executive Branch. The ever-increasing volume, velocity and variety of today’s communications make the production of relevant and timely intelligence for military commanders and national policy makers more challenging than ever.
The NSA has a tradition of dedicated, highly qualified people deeply committed to maintaining the nation’s security. While technology will obviously continue to be a key element of our future, NSA recognizes that technology is only as good as the people creating it and the people using it. NSA remains committed to its core mission of exploiting the Agency’s deep analytical skill and technological capabilities to ensure the nation maintains a significant strategic advantage in the advancement of U.S. interests around the world.

The Central Intelligence Agencywww.cia.gov

The Central Intelligence Agency

The (CIA) is an independent agency, responsible for providing national security intelligence to senior US policymakers. The Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) serves as the principal adviser to the President and the National Security Council (NSC) on all matters of foreign intelligence related to national security. Both the Director and Deputy Director of Central Intelligence are appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate.

Department of Defensehttp://www.dod.mil/

Department of Defense

DefenseLINK is the official web site for the Department of Defense and the starting point for finding U.S. military information online. The home page for this site is located at http://www.defenselink.mil/. The mission of the Department of Defense is to provide the military forces needed to deter war and to protect the security of our country. The department's headquarters is at the Pentagon. The mission of DefenseLINK is to support the overall mission of the Department of Defense by providing official, timely and accurate information about defense policies, organizations, functions and operations. DefenseLINK first went on-line in October 1994, and is a cooperative effort between the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs) and the Defense Technical Information Center.

The Pentagonhttp://www.defenselink.mil/

The Pentagon

The Pentagon headquarters of the United States Department of Defense and the nerve center for command and control, is virtually a city within itself. The Pentagon presently houses approximately 23,000 military and civilian employees and about 3,000 non-defense support personnel dedicated to protecting our national interests. The Pentagon, headquarters of the Department of Defense, is one of the world's largest office buildings. The Pentagon is virtually a city in itself. Approximately 23,000 employees, both military and civilian, contribute to the planning and execution of the defense of our country.

The Peacekeeper missilehttp://www.dod.mil/

The Peacekeeper missile

The Peacekeeper missile is America's newest intercontinental ballistic missile. With the end of the Cold War, the US has begun to revise its strategic policy, and has agreed to eliminate the multiple re-entry vehicle Peacekeeper ICBMs by the year 2003 as part of the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty II. Peacekeeper deactivation will occur over a 36-month period beginning in FY03 with missiles remaining on alert and fully mission capable throughout the deactivation period. The Defense Department analyzed the role of the Peacekeeper against projected threats in the post-Cold War environment and judged that its retirement would not have an adverse effect on the sufficiency of US nuclear forces. DoD plans to retain the booster stages for potential future uses such as space launch or target vehicles The Peacekeeper (designated LGM-118A) is a four-stage intercontinental ballistic missile capable of carrying up to ten independently-targetable reentry vehicles with greater accuracy than any other ballistic missile. Its design combines advanced technology in fuels, guidance, nozzle design, and motor construction with protection against the hostile nuclear environment associated with land-based systems. The Peacekeeper is a three-stage rocket ICBM system consisting of three major sections: the boost system, the post-boost vehicle system and the re-entry system.
The Peacekeeper was the first U.S. ICBM to use cold launch technology. The missile was placed inside a canister and loaded into the launch facility. When launched, high-pressure steam ejected the canister from the launch silo to an altitude of 150 to 300 feet, and once the missile has cleared the silo, the first stage ignited and sent the missile on its course. This technique allowed SAC to launch the Peacekeeper from Minuteman silos despite the fact that the Peacekeeper was three times larger than the Minuteman III. An Automated Information System (AIS) can be functionally described as a combination of computer hardware and computer software, data and/or telecommunications, that performs functions such as collecting, processing, transmitting, and displaying information. Excluded are computer resources, both hardware and software, that are: physically part of, dedicated to, or essential in real time to the mission performance of weapon systems; used for weapon system specialized training, simulation, diagnostic test and maintenance, or calibration; or used for research and development of weapon systems.

Army Service Component Command to the U.S. Strategic Command
As the Army Service Component Command to the U.S. Strategic Command, SMDC will see an increase in responsibilities from its current three mission areas, commanding and controlling Army space forces, integrated missile defense and computer network operations - to five mission areas. The new mission areas are global in nature and include global strike, space operations, integrated missile defense, strategic information operations, with Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) as the enabler.

The United States Strategic Command

The United States Strategic Command, or USSTRATCOM

The United States Strategic Command, or USSTRATCOM, is headquartered at Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska. The command is one of nine U.S. unified commands under the Department of Defense.USSTRATCOM is the command and control center for U.S. strategic forces and controls military space operations, computer network operations, information operations, strategic warning and intelligence assessments as well as global strategic planning. The command is responsible for both early warning of and defense against missile attack and long-range conventional attacks. The command is charged with deterring and defending against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. The command has worldwide functional responsibilities not bound by any single area of operations. The command’s scope of responsibilities includes the interrelated areas of space operations, information operations, computer network operations, and strategic defense and attack. Tying these areas together is a globally focused command and control, communications and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance network (C3ISR).

With STRATCOM, for the first time in U. S. history, the planning, targeting and wartime employment of strategic forces came under the control of a single commander while the day-to-day training, equipping and maintenance responsibilities for its forces remained with the services, the Air Force and Navy. With over half a century of effective deterrence, the command today faces new global challenges that cross many boundaries, and require a globally oriented command, integrating space operations and global strike capabilities using the full range of weaponry available today. On Oct. 1, 2002, USSTRATCOM and U.S. Space Command both disestablished and a new U.S. Strategic Command stood up at Offutt AFB, responsible for the missions of both.

Open Source Information System (OSIS)

Open Source Information System (OSIS)

The Open Source Information System (OSIS) is an unclassified confederation of systems serving the intelligence community with open source intelligence. Community Open Source Program Office (COSPO) supports all aspects of open source information systems, spanning collection, processing, analysis, and dissemination, to include network and distributed computing resources. The National Air Intelligence Center (NAIC) is the Executive Agent for a major element of OSIS, the Open Source Service Agent (OSSA). Dr. Joseph Markowitz, Director of COSPO has noted that while Allen Dulles was fond of saying that open sources provided 80% of the input to the all-source intelligence production process, "the more common contribution of open sources to the average all-source product is on the order of 20 to 30 percent." OSIS also offers specialized software and other tools to assist users in analysis and graphical interpretations of data. OSIS currently makes available the National Air Intelligence Center's (NAIC) SYSTRAN ® machine translation (MT) capability to provide "real time" rough translations of foreign language information. The MITRE Corp. has implemented a new, firewall-based architecture for OSIS. The previous architecture did not support direct connection between the internal network and the Internet, and each node required strong authentication. MITRE developed hybrid, virtual private network architecture that stresses usability and connectivity between nodes while retaining an acceptable level of security. It permits WWW between OSIS nodes providing node-to-node connectivity and Internet connectivity while reducing the need for strong authentication.

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